Computer hardwere Notes

VARIOUS PARTS OF COMPUTER

1. MOTHER BOARD
2. CPU
3. CABINET
4. SMPS
5. CPU HEAT SINK &FAN
6. RAM
7. HDD
8. FDD
9. CDR
10. CDRW
11. AGP CARD
12. LAN CARD
13. VARIOU SCREWS

1) MOTHER BOARD:-
It is a main board as usually called as system board, planer board. It holds the majority of a computer’s processing power. It is like chassis of a car. Where every thing is connected.
   Is  thin flat piece of circuit board which contains the CPU, clock ,timing circuits, memory slots, BIOS, PCI slots, AGP slot  ,North bridge, South bridge  ,various clip sets along with I/O Slots.

        It has chips and other components soldered and connected by tiny copper, wires or tracks look like networks streets across acity.these tracks are the connections that enable the Chips resistors, capacitors to talk to another.

2) C P U:-
It is the brain of the computer. It is the main chip does all the processing, communicates with the input out put devices and performs the task given by the user
It‘s computers the various models.  Starting from 8088 to present P1V, 4.0GHz (4.77 MHz to 5GHz) liker various frequencies.
The CPU manufactures are Intel, Cyrix and, IBM, Nexgen,etc..
It’s related with different parameter like speed, efficiency, frequency, word size, address bus, super scaller execution, and cache memory.


3)CABINET:-
The cabinet is the other casing of aP.C . it’s available either as desktop or tower type
It forms the mechanical foundation of every Pc and other sub assemblies are fixed securely to it
It’s typically offered a room

SMPS:-

The power supply is the silver box that’s usually located at the near the side of the cabinet

1. It capacity of power supply is mention in watts. It’s available different voltage like 200w to 315w
2. It indicates one fan, and two power sockets. These are one A/C input another A/C output
3. Ac power supply is applied through ac line cable at the A/C input, and then the power supply produces as a series of DC out put that power cabinet to motherboard and or other drives.
   
   
    

CPU HEAT SINK & FAN

It’s a alumni coated sink with fan. It’s using for processor cooling. It causes of the more clock cycles in given a period the more current is required and then more heat is generated in CPU.

• In that time CPU over clocking that is usually they want to                              cooling
• When over clocked a CPU, it can easily over heat and crash of  permanent damage .that’s why to making accommodation for better cooling with heat sink & fan
• When installing the cooling unit, be sure that it fits on the CPU tightly with out any air gaps, and use a thin layer of thermal grease (Heat sink compound) between the CPU and heat sink.

RAM:-

It is for a computer to work the CPU must take program instructions and exchange data directly with memory as a consequence memory must keep pace with the CPU or make the CPU wait for it to catch up.

• Now a day’s processor is very fast, memory architectures are being replaced specialized memory devices that have been tailored to serve specific functions in the PC.
• Ram consists of some chips and small circuit board. It’s measured in Bytes
• Ram’s are available different types. They are
1. D RAM  
2. SD RAM
3. RD RAM
4. DD RAM

HDD

It is secondary storage memory and permanent storage memory
• It uses magnetic storage technology to store data.
• Olden day’s it is heavy and low capacity like 10MB 20MB
• Now a day’s it is replaced by lightly and fast like 100GB
• Hard drive has provided the reliable and quite storage mechanisms.
• It is measured in bytes.
• Hard drives are standard equipment on all PC’s and are preferred boot device for quick loading of even the largest operating systems.
         It is consisted of mechanics are Frame, Platters, Read Write heads, head actuators,  
         Spindle motor, media consists of disk heads, sectors, clusters and cylinders.


FDD

Floppy disks has available in two sizes 1.1.2MB.2.1.441MB it is appeared first 1BMPC
• In spite of it’s limited storage capacity the floppy drive in the traditional pc drive, which is universally accepted in virtually every pc manufactured.
  
  
   

CDR

It is only for reading drive
• Originally developed for the music industry, as a digital replacement for phonographs, the CD ROM quickly found in modern computers(PC’s).
• One optical disk can store up to 700MB of programs, data, or other media such as audio and video
• CD Rom drives are standard equipment in all modern PC’s
• It is high-density optical storage disk reader
• It is working with laser diodes project light beam toward desired track
• Prism directs reflected light beam pulses to light sensor
• Light sensor circuit generates digital pulse stream
• CD is recording in as spiral pattern as a series of pits and lands pressed in to plastic substrate
It is constructs with frame , front panel , main PC board drive engine, slider assembly , motors, optical device and sled.

CDRW:-

It is read and write device, same as above CDR .

AGPCARD:-

The AGP CARD developed by uses of the variations of the PCI bus slot to provide a high speed data path way between the 3D video card and main memory
• AGP CARD utilize main memory for graphic purpose
• AGP inter face specification uses the 66MHz or higher
• AGP data transfer rate 133MHz, if allowing for real data out put in excess of 500MB/sec
• AGP is physically, logically high speed bus data transfer
• AGP card is not compatible for PCI slot
  
  


LAN CARD

It is a PCI card; it is used for counting one computer to one or above computers.

VARIOUS PARTS OF THE P 4-MOTHER BOARD
P4 motherboard is of the ATX Type motherboard.
Here all I/O Ports are constructed in a single I/O panel. At rear side of the motherboard. This type of board’s use a 20-pin style power supply connector, from the Power Suply.The CPU is located clear and away from all expansion bus slots eliminating interface with full slot expansion cards.
            P4 motherboard contains the following parts.
   1) Socket 478  
   2) North Bridge
   3) Southbridge
   4) RAM slots
   5) IDE slots (Integrated Device Electronics)
   6) CMOS battery (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)
   7) BIOS (Basic Input Output System)
   8)PCI slot (Peripheral Components Interface)
   9)AGP card (Accelerated Graphics Port
  10)ATX Power connector (Advanced Technology xtremed)
  11) 12.V 4pinPower Connector
  12) FDD connector
  13) System Fan connector
  14) CD in Jack
  15) CMOS Jumper
  16) I/O Ports (Input-Output connector)
  17) Front Panel connectors
                                         P4 motherboard
SOCKET 478:--
When you find Mother board you will probably find it designated socket 478 on which the processor will be placed. This socket 478 only supports P4-pinning processor.
NORTH BRIDGE:-- It is helpful for the CPU to process the data or functions controllers each and every components through in this bridge. The instruction will pass from socket to Bridge, N-Bridge to RAM slots, and AGP slot SOUTH BRIDGE:-
It is also helpful for processor. It is transferring instructions communicate with all I/O ports, FDD port, PCI slots and IDE slots to Socket 478.
CMOS BATTERY:-
Computer uses 3 volts Lithium Battery. It is supplying power to the CMOS chip(BIOS)
[Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor]
RAM SLOTS:-
The individual memory chips soldered by one circuit board that’s called RAM. So removing & replacing that cards, designed RAM slots
i.e SD, DDR
IDE SLOTS (PRIMORY AND SECONDARY):- It is a 40 pin connector. These are used for connecting IDE drives (HDD, CDR, CDRW, DVD) in every motherboard will have two ports.
1) Primary
2) Secondary
In one port can connect one bus cable, with one cable can connect two drives, so in one board had two slots, in one system can connect four drives. It connect in primary these primary master, primary slave at same in secondary.
BIOS:-
The BIOS is a 128/256 KB of EP ROM. That contains the Basic Input Out put System code.
The CPU to handle all I/O confits and data transfers uses this code. It is input like a remote controller.
PCI SLOT’S:-
It is by passes the standard I/O bus; it helps the system bus to increase bus clock speed & CPU’s data path. Its available 32 and 64 bit. In this bus interface the the PCI cards such as SOUND, VGA CARD, TV TUNER CARDS.66MHz speed. it is designed for installation of interfacing cards only.
AGP SLOT:-
It’s passes high-speed graphic display adapter bus slot. Its 133MHz speed. It is designed for only installation of AGP CARD.
ATX MAIN POWER CONNECTOR:-
It is a 20-pin connector. It is discharge DC voltages to motherboard. These 20 pins are (+ve to –ve)
        1   2    3   4   5   6    7    8    9  10
                      11 12  13 14  15 16  17 18  19 20
First two pins are +ve 3rd pin –ve, 456 pins a gnd, 7th pin is –ve and 8th pin is ground, 9th 10th are –ve and are –ve, 20 pins +ve
12 VOLTS 4PIN CONNECTOR:-
It is a 4 pin connector, It placed on the board at nearest socket 478. It is a reverse power connector.
FDD CONNECTOR:-
It is a 36 pin connector, used for connecting floppy drive in one system can connect the two FDD drives. That drive letters indicates always A, B.
SYSTEM FAN CONNECTOR:-
It is a 3pin connector used for connecting the CPU fan or system fan. Pin 1 is ground; Pin 2 is +12v and 3is a fan sense line which can monitor the management.
CD IN JACK:-
With out the help of processor directly we can use the maniplate CD Rom Data. In this cable having a analog and digital connectors. One end is connect on mother board in CD in Jack other end is connect to CD drive

CMOS JUMPER:-
This jumper can used clear the CMOS settings, passwords. This jumper can be used to prevent access to the CMOS setup routine
FRONT PANEL HEADER:-
The group of connectors used to connect front panel switches and indicators, such as the Speaker, Reset, Power LED, HDD LED and Power on switch
I/O PANEL:-
These are called a back panel. These are the group of I/O connectors that preside on the rear side. These include
a) PS2 ports like key board, mouse b) serial ports c) parallel port or printer port
d) Usb ports  e)AGP/VGA port   f)LAN port  g) Game or MIDI(MUSICAL INSTUMENT DIGITAL INTERFACE)ports and    h)Sound connections
PS2 PORTS:-There are 6 pin connectors , used for connecting keyboard, mouse

                KEY BOARD               MOUSE
        VOILET                      GREEN
SERIAL PORT:-
It’s a 9 pin D Type Male connector used for connecting the serial mouse and External Modem
PARALLEL PORT:-
(That can operate in standard mode Enhanced Parallel Port(EPP)mode with BIOS and driver support or high speed Extinction Capabilities Port(ECP) mode)
It is used for connecting to printer. It is 25 pins D Type female connector.
USB PORTS:-
These are high speed serial bus controllers. Now a days all input and out put devices can connect through these connectors. Such as web cam, keyboard, mouse, pen drive, scanner, printer, cell phone, mp3 players, DVD play units, storage drivers, cd/dvd writers.
AGP/VGA:-
It is a on board display connector it is a 15 pin D type female connector. It can used for connectible display unit such as monitors, screen projectors.
LAN PORT:-
It is a communicate on board Ethernet port. It can use for connecting to other computers in LAN.
GAME/M1D1 PORT:-
It is D type pin female connector It used for connecting to game devices say it can musical instruments.
SOUND PORTS:-
It is 3 pin (3HOLE) connector. These are 2 out put 1 in put pins. Such as external speaker out , head phone and mic.
One hole is output speakers One hole is line sound One hole is mic connecotor.
ASSEMBLING OF A PC
Required parts: 1. Cabinet, 2. Mother Board 3. P4-Processor. 4. RAM 5. S.M.P.S 6. HDD. 7. FDD 8. CD  ROM. 9. IDE Cables 10. Screws. ( Monitor, KeyBoard, Mouse) PROCEDURE
        1.Prepare the chasis or cabinet:-  Select the holes of cabinet and fix the plastic  
          locks or copper nuts  on the sheet inside the cabinet. Ensure that I/O shield is
          suitable for mother board ,I/O panel,compare and fix I/O shield.
1. Installation of Mother Board:-  Insert the Mother Board vertically &    ensure that the holes of  mother board and I/O shield may consist  with the cabinet  holes then press  the - mother board firmly or tightly on the copper nuts  with I/O  panel facing  back side of  cabinet, and fix  the screws.
2. Installation of  CPU:-  To insert the processor on socket 478( White rectangle shape) first we have to identify the starting pin from where we have to insert.To identify the starting pin the following are clues.
a) At  upper right corner there will be one arrow head
           b) At that symbol one pin will be missed
      
4. Installation of  CPU Heat sink& Fan:-   Insert the heat sink and  fan first in  
          correct position on  the CPU & soket 478.Tthen  lock(press) the  four edges of   
          heat sink, they  will lock automatically.Now manually lock  two levers in  
          opposite   direction on the heat sink fan for  tightness of heat sink.Then   
          connect the  fan  cable to 3 pin  power connector on the  mother board ,which  
           is placed beside the socket 478 & also there will be written ‘CPU_FAN’.
     5.    Installation of  the RAM:- To observe the  RAM slots and  RAM  cards on               the   mother board ,  while fixing suitable RAM hold the two ends correctly              and press by applying same energy on both ends.If you correctly inserted,               you can here a small   click  on sound. 6). Installation of   SMPS:-Insert the  SMPS  in cabinet such that,’ in side to back showing the  power connections ‘  and  fit  the screws at  the back side of cabinet.   8).Installation  of  HDD:-   Insert the hard disk  in   inside of cabinet front box, fit  the screws. Connect the IDE cable such that  long edge must go to mother board IDE connector & short edge must be with drive. To give  power supply there is one D-type  power connector with 4 wires from SMPS.Insert the connector to hard disk. Note: Take care while you are inserting power connector the red color of IDE card & red color of power connector shold be sibe by side. 9).Installation of FDD:-    Open  front side of cabinet FDD cover  and  insert  the  FDD  from  out side to inside , fit the screws. Fit the cable one edge   is on mother board FDD connector &, second edge connected to FDD. To give power supply to the drive there is one E-type power connector with 4-wires ,so connect the connector to FDD. 10).Installation of  CD-ROM Drive:- Open the front side  of  cabinet CD-ROM block and insert   the  CD-ROM from out side to inside, &  fix the screws. Connect the IDE cable and D-type power connector(Just like HDD ),CD in jack cable.

11).Installation of LAN Card:-   Insert the LAN card in PCI slot correctly,& fix the  screw out side showing  connector correctly.

12).Connections of  Power  Cables:- ATX Power supply: - Insert the ATX power connector on motherboard and press it lockly. 4-pin power connector :- Connect the motherboard and install the clipping 12V Power connector at behind of CPU. D-Type Power Connectors: - There are 4 D-type connectors to give power supply to IDE drives. Those are  HDD ,CD-ROM,CD-RW   DVD R/W . E-Type Power Connectors:-  This  used only  for  FDD power supply. Connections of Data Cables:-  80 Pin or  40 Pin  IDE Connector connects  only IDE Drives, at one edge to IDE drive and second edge  will connect to the  mother board. 36Pin FDD cable connected to one side a motherboard and second side is Floppy Disk Drive. Front Panels Connections: - It is the most important session .In this session there will be five types of cables.
1. SPKR(SPEAKER)
2. PWS(POWER SUPPLY ON-OFF SWITCH)
3. PLED(POWER LIGHT EMITING DIODE)
4. HDD LED(HRD DIDK LED)
     5) RST SW( RESET SWITCH) Note: The directions to install these five will be printed on motherboard. Result: - Sucessfully assembled the PC.
INSALATION OF WINDOWS 98
Objective: - How to install windows 98
Installation:- Before install windows 98 make sure your computer meets the following minimum requirements
Processor:  66 MHz of higher

Ram:  16MB

HDD:  1GB  
VGA Monitor
CD -Rom

Mouse

Keyboard
Procedure:-Insert Windows 98 startup disk (Bootable CD or Floppy) in your computer.
The Micro soft Windows Start up menu appears.
Select the Start computer with CD Rom Support.
Press Enter.
A series of scan is performed and then the MS-DOS prompt appears.
At the MS-DOS prompt select the windows 98 directory where available drive.
(CD Win 98 Enter)
Then type the word of setup and press enter. A message informs you that setup is going to perform a check (Scan disk running) Press Enter.
Micro Soft scan disk is checks your had disk for errors.
When scan disk finish Press X button or exit button.
To exit scan disk after that setup initializes Windows 98 setup begins
Select directory screen.
If you want to Windows 98 Installation files in a folder (Directory).
C:\WINDOWS;
Other than click other directory. And type the folder name.
Click Next Button. Setup shows the options screen.
Setup option screen.
        You can customize version of Windows by choosing the components that are installed on your hard disk setup options screen asks you to select the type of setup you prefer. You can choose from the Four-setup options.
These are
• Typical
• Portable
• Compact
• Custom
Choose in this four options typical or custom Press Next button
Windows components screen:-
            On this screen you chose whether or not to view a list of installation options.
If you select install the
On this screen you enter a name, work group and description for your computer. If your computer is connected to network this information is identifies your computer to other users.
Click the next button to continue.
ESTABLISHING YOUR LOCATION SCREEN.
On this screen you should probably select the country in which you live your selection here controls the channels available on your channel bar.
Next screen will prompt you to create a startup disk. Click the next button.
Click OK button to create startup disk.
Click the continue button to skip creating startup disk.
Window 98 has now enough information to start copying Windows 98 files your computer.
Click next button to start copying files.
Setup will restart the computer.
After restarting the system you will get windows 98 screen with message getting ready to run windows for the first time]
NEXT SCREEN WILL PROMPT YOU TO TYPE YOUR NAME AND COMPANY NAME.

License agreement screen:-

Next screen will prompt you for license agreement. Select I accept the agreement and click the next button to continue.
KEY-    w4cw4—m79g9—297tc—y8t7p—8yd3b
Next screen prompts you enter product key. Type the product key in spaces provided. The product key is located either on the certificate of authentication of back of your windows 98 CD Rom
Click the finish button to continue start windows 98.
Next windows had detected plug and play hard ware peripherals in your computer.
Now during the setting of hard ware the screen will prompt time zone to apply
Select the time zone and click the apply button then click the OK button
Select the time zone GMT+530.
In the progress windows will also make the settings for following options
CONTROL PANEL
PROGRAMS ON START MENU
WINDOWS HELP
MS-DOS POGRAMS
SETTING UP APPLICATIONS
SYSTEM CONFIGIRATION
Now setup will restart the computer and your installation process is completed

Conclusion:-

Thus we have studied the installation of Windows 98